Liminality and the Isoma Ritual free essay sample

The Isoma ritual is a corrective ritual used to remedy a womans inability to produce children, a condition commonly known as lufwisha, meaning to give birth to a dead child (16) as well as the constant dying of children. Lufwisha is thought to be caused by angry shades that inflict the condition upon the would-be mother, because she has forgotten direct ascendants as well as the immediate progenetrices of their matrikin (13). soma, therefore, is used so that the afflicted woman, being able to once again remember the offended shade(s), will cease to be the angry shades victim nd thus have the ailment affecting her fertility cease to exist. This ritual consists of three parts: phase one consists of Ilembi, where the victim is separated from the profane world; the second, known as Kunkunka, isolates her from secular life; finally, the third part, Ku-tumbuka, consists of a festive dance to celebrate the ending of the shades affliction and the victims ability to once again produce childr en. We will write a custom essay sample on Liminality and the Isoma Ritual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before the Ilembi phase of the ritual can begin, the husband of the woman (if there is one) builds his wife a grass hut outside approximately a dozen huts, onstituting the Ndembu village, that will be used during the second phase of the ritual. The attending doctor adept, led by the senior, collects the necessary medicines with symbolic purposes to treat her during the ritual, including a red cock and white pullet, supplied by the husband and the wifes matrikin. The doctors search and locate the burrow of a giant rat or ant-bear, and upon finding one, address the animal as it represents the troika of the afflicting agencies, including the witch, shade, and ikishi (22). After this, they begin to prepare the hole for the ritual by igging into the hole, forming a tunnel (ikela dakuhanuka) big enough for a person to pass through to another hole or opening, the first entrance being hot to represent the animal or witch, and the second hole representing the cooling down stage or domesticating. This hole is known as ku-fomwisha or ku-fomona. The area surrounding the holes are prepped by men and women in symbolically different ways; a senior adept places a piece of calabash near the first hole, while female adepts place some edible roots from their gardens, such as cassava rhizomes and weet potato tubers, which represent the muJimba, or body, of the patient. The contributions of women, especially those of the patients matrilineage, are significant to the ritual process. Finally, a ring (chipangu) is placed around the ritual site to create the sacred space necessary for the ritual, establishing a realm of order. During the ritual phase, the lufwisha-affected woman must enter the hole of life and pass through the tunnel, entering into the hole of death, where she is sprinkled with cold and hot medicine by a doctor and his assistant (29). The womans husband, tanding to the right of her, does this as well. After being splashed with medicine, she enters the tunnel once more, and her husband follows behind her (31). Together, the husband and wife are nearly naked, wearing waist cloths, to represent that they are both simultaneously like infants as well as the dead. When the woman first enters the tunnel, she does so holding the white pullet to against her left breast, which represents the place where a child is held as well as the pureness and the life and death. Near the end of this stage, the red cock is sacrificed, representing the ystical misfortune and pain caused to the woman, or chisaku. Following the cocks beheading, the couple is again splashed with cold and hot medicine, followed by the pouring of water over them in a 2:1 ratio. While the final splashing continues, male adepts, standing at the right, and female adepts, left, sing the initiation and great life-crisis rites songs of the Ndembu people. At the end, the couple is secluded in the seclusion hut where the wife continues to hold the white pullet until it lays its first egg. Occasionally, they sing mwanami yaya punkila, the Isoma song accompanied by waying dances called kupunJila, representing the style of Mvmengl ikishi as well as the contraction of an abortive labor. The couple, then, is once more thought to be able to procreate, having been reborn in the community. While in the luminal phase of the ritual, the couple symbolically represents life and death, living and dying, as well as birth, death, and rebirth. While passing through the tunnels, the couple is no longer considered alive or dead- rather, they are passing through these phases between the world of the living and the dead. They re both symbolically represented as corpses and infants to symbolize this difference between the living and the dead, for they are neither and both at the same time. Their rank and status as members of the community are therefore stripped from them- symbolically, they must be reborn at the end of the ritual before they are to retake their place within the group, the affliction preventing fertility being removed. It is through this stripping of their rank, social ties, and status amongst the living and the dead that they are thought to be reborn and rejoin society, renewed and ideally ble to once more procreate once the shades affliction has been removed Turner describes the condition of liminality as being betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremonial (95). Those fitting this are ambiguous, because they elude the classifications assigned to people within relative, stable states of being within a culturally defined setting. Thus liminalitys ambiguous attributes are expressed culturally through symbols as well as ritualistic traditions where liminality is compared to death, to being in the womb, to nvisibility, to darkness, to bisexuality, to wilderness, and to an eclipse of the sun or moon. Liminal entities themselves are thought to possess nothing within the phase of liminality. These entities, often neophytes in initiation or those undergoing puberty rites, may be disguised as monsters, wear only a strip of clothing, or even go naked, to demonstrate that as liminal beings they have no status, property, insignia, secular clothing indicating rank or role, position in a kinship system†in short, nothing that may distinguish them from their fellow neophytes or initiands. These initiands, if there are more than one, often bond during their period of liminality together; during such rites, they must be modest and passive while listening to their instructors commands, facing punishment as necessary as they prepare for the transition into the next phase of their lives, returning to a more stable, culturally safe condition. Communitas is Turners preferred term to the sense of community developed amongst the spirit of solidarity and equality within a group, which can be applied to those undergoing a luminal transition together. Turner uses the term communita to distinguish [the] modality of social relationship[s] from an area of common hold sacred attributes in some variety. However, the sacredness of these offices is acquired during rites de passage, where members undergo transitions from one position to the next and are thus stripped of their previous status. Through these rites de passage, members within a communita are able to reach an equal level socially. The difference between liminality and communitas, then, is that one undergoes a period of liminality before he rejoins the communita as an equal. Liminality reflects a tateless, instable phase of transitioning where the individual is no longer a part of his past status and has yet to become part of the status he will hold following the rite, while communitas reflects the stripping of these titles and the social harmony established between individuals who normally would not be seen as equals in society. According to Turner, those within the realm of liminality are often thought of as sexless and anonymous, where members of both sex are dressed similarly and referred to with the same term (102-103). He goes on to say that symbolically, all ttributes that distinguish categories and groups in the structured social order are here in abeyance; the neophytes are merely entities in transition, as yet without place or position. These entities are often submissive and silent while submitting to the authority of the entire community, becoming a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which the knowledge and wisdom of the group pertaining to the new status is imparted. The idea is that they must be prepared for their new position in society by that society. As Turner states, The powers that shape the neophytes in liminality for the ncumbency of new status are felt, in rites all over the world, to be more than human powers, though they are invoked and channeled by the representatives of the community (106), showing that liminal entities are the products of the societies to which they belong. By these specifications, college students are in a stage of liminality, where the lines between adolescence and adulthood are blurred; the students are not considered adults by society, yet they arent seen as children. Undergrad years are marked by social changes as students make their way through this transitional period. At the end of it, they pass through the ritual of graduation, marking their initial entrance into adulthood which is later sealed by attaining a career, purchasing a home, and settling down. Individuals living within the U. S. on a Green Card face similar circumstances†they are not fully American citizens, yet they benefit from the rights of living amongst Americans. Once they pass through the naturalization process, a liminal transition period in itself, they are eventually accepted and invited to a formal ceremony where they take an oath to become an American citizen, receive certificate, and take their place as fellow Americans, officially ending the luminal period of the naturalization process.

15 Easy Part-Time Jobs for College Students That Pay Well

15 Easy Part-Time Jobs for College Students That Pay Well College students are often in need of extra money. Part-time jobs are great in this situation, as having a lot of classes each day cant allow students to work full time. To make your choice of a part-time job a little easier, we have created a list of 15 easy part-time jobs that will perfectly suit a busy student life and bring you extra cash. 1. Barista Mmm, a coffee scent in the air and tasty drinks for every coffee lover out there! Baristas at Starbucks, Stumptown, Tullys Coffee, etc., have pretty beneficial packages, opportunities for further career growth and competitive salaries. Coffee chains gladly hire students and provide a flexible schedule. You can also choose the working place that will be suitable for you. 2. Dog Walker/Pet Sitter Students who love animals will definitely enjoy trying themselves as pet sitters. You can give an advert at local bulletin boards or freelance platforms and take as much working hours as you need. Moreover, you can take care of a few dogs at the same time, walking them, bringing to a vet, playing and feeding them. This way, you will increase your hour payment. 3. Merchandiser A lot of shop items are stocked by merchandisers – brand representatives who restock shelves and set up promotions. College students often work as merchandisers because they can choose the location of work and working hours according to the classes. The only thing you need to consider before searching for this type of job is that you have to lift and move heavy boxes when working as a merchandiser. 4. Call Center Worker Many companies have call centers, hotlines or customer service teams and regularly hire people for full-time or part-time jobs. Call center employees might do cold sales calls, survey calls or provide service support. Anyway, you dont need to be a professional speaker to work there as you will be given a script to follow. So, you just need to be polite and have a distinct utterance. 5. Brand Ambassador Have you ever been approached by the representative of some brand (Avon, Monster Energy, Red Bull, etc.) and given free samples or asked to take participation in a survey? Thats what a brand ambassador does. Basically, your job would be to collect people opinions about the company or distribute products of the brand. 6. Cashier Cashiers are one of the most common positions among the working students. Its a more demanding job than others as it implies excellent attentiveness. But this position is easy to find as you can turn to the nearest local supermarket, mall or grocery store. Moreover, this is an example of a part-time job that pays well. 7. Retail Worker A retail worker is also a common job position. A lot of girls prefer to work in clothes or make-up stores as consultants or assistants as it is a pleasant and easy job for all fashionistas. This job will suit any college student who is polite, friendly, communicative and patient. Retail shops usually provide a convenient schedule of the shifts, proper payment, discounts for their products or even free products for employees to try out (for example, Sephora has monthly free products for each employee). To keep up with the industry, check out our list of fashion blogs. 8. Photographer If you have a particular talent, for example, you are an eager photography amateur, you can try different freelance jobs which you can find on platforms like Freelancer or Upwork. You can choose which order you want to take or when you want to work. You can also sell your photographs to photo stocks or magazines, websites, designers, etc. You can arrange photoshoots in a studio or provide your services at weddings, graduation ceremonies, birthday parties or conferences. 9. Writer If you have a writing talent, you can try yourself as a freelance writer. As well as a photographer, you can find clients online and take their orders to work from home. This is a great job as you dont even need to leave your home as you can send finished pieces through email and get paid. A writer can be helpful to online stores, publishing companies, online magazines and small businesses who need freelance writing help. 10. Social Media Assistant A lot of bloggers and brands require assistance in the social media posting process. If you are an addict to social media scrolling through – this is a job for you. You will be asked to create engaging content, answer to comments, and follow the posting plan. Such a job doesnt require specific skills and is one of those higher paying vacancies that many students want to get because they can work for this part-time job from home. The competition is intense and finding a part-time job in this area might be challenging, so be sure to check the job posting frequently. You can also write to your favorite brand or influencer (for example, YouTube blogger) and offer your help. Who knows, you might become an assistant of the future millionaire or a specialist in this sphere, which, actually, doesn’t require an academic degree. 11. Library Worker You can also search for a job at your college. There are usually job positions for students inside your learning institution such as a library worker, technical assistant, a cafeteria worker, etc. Its a good chance for those who dont want to leave the campus. You will also love a job in a library if you are an eager reader as you will have free access to the books, scientific works, and other sources. By the way, do you know which books are in the â€Å"must-read† list for college students? 12. Data Entry Clerk Data entry clerk positions dont require any specific skills except attentiveness and fast speed of typing. Data entry clerks usually work with statistics, medical or financial information. However, there are a lot of scams in this sphere. So, be sure to check out testimonials or find a person with experience of working for the company. 13. Babysitter What is more common than a student working as a babysitter? This job is without any doubts one of the most popular positions among high school and college students. It requires you to be attentive, caring, and patient towards kids. Students who work as babysitters or tutors make good money and also have an opportunity to get a permanent position for a long time. 14. Delivery Driver Check out companies that sell any products or offer food delivery in your location – they might be hiring. Delivery is usually beneficial as you can be provided with a car or a bicycle to drive and also get tips from satisfied customers. You will also be able to get a discount on the products that this company sells. 15. Waiter Many students work in restaurants as waiters or hosts. A part-time job in a restaurant has certain benefits: Decent tips Flexible schedule Friendly atmosphere An opportunity for career growth And the main advantage is that finding jobs in this sphere is as easy as pie. In a restaurant, you also can choose the most convenient time and days of the week when you want to work. Wrapping Up A lot of successful businessmen started as baristas, waiters or dog walkers. Dont be ashamed of the place you work for and choose the option that would be the best for you. Let us know what other easy part time job ideas for college students you can suggest and read our guide on how to choose a part-time job for more ideas.

Using Geography to Survive the Zombie Apocalypse Research Paper

Using Geography to Survive the Zombie Apocalypse - Research Paper Example He argues that geography skills are important during this time because it will help people analyze the push and pull factors of migration, or movement, that can help them survive. Push factors refer to elements that make people want to leave the place, while pull factors are factors that make people want to go that place. Hunter (2013) mentioned that some of the pull factors of migration are cities that are connected to other cities, access to resources, such as food, water, reliable shelter, weapons, and transportation, and safety levels. Finally, he explained three steps that can help people analyze their options: (1) identifying points of analysis; (2) finding connections among communities or cities; and (3) finding patterns of movement over these connections. I agree with Hunter (2013) that geography skills will help people survive during the Zombie Apocalypse because they will help examine the movements of people, resources, ideas, and other factors that can help them decide whe re to go, in case it happens. If Zombie Apocalypse happens, the five pull factors that are critical to my movement are: (1) access to basic resources, including weapons and transportation, (2) access to people with ideas on how to survive during these times, (3) existence of safe havens, (4) connection among cities through transportation systems, and (5) availability of open, flat lands. I find access to basic resources important, particularly food, water, shelter, and medicine, because they are critical to survival.

Schoenberg and Stravinsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schoenberg and Stravinsky - Essay Example Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky thrived during this period and were greatly influenced by the aforementioned events. Their works were regarded as under the 20th century musical style which is characterized by the extreme utilization of chromatics and dissonances. Both composers explored different compositional styles and their innovations fundamentally affected latter composers and shaped the course of 20th century music. Their early works followed strict classical way. Examples of these are the string quartet composed by Schoenberg in 1897 and the Stravinsky's symphony in E major. In 1907, Arnold Schoenberg totally abandoned composing under the traditional tonal system. He proposed his new innovation the twelve tone system, a system which used tone rows as a basis of musical compositions (Lebrecht 63). This new twelve tone system is now regarded as a compositional style which is highly mathematically oriented. However, this new compositional style introduced by Schoenberg brought about a division between the followers of the two composers. The group who favored the preservation of some type of tonality became adherents of Stravinsky, while those who adopted of the twelve tone system became the followers of Schoenberg. Schoenberg used twelve tone system to their extreme while Stravinsky used a more diatonic and tonal idiom. Though they have a different perspective and compositional style, some of their works have some common characteristics. Their compositions both possess the style of neoclassicism, that is, music having transparency and clarity in the presence of dissonances. Examples of these are Schoenberg’s five piano pieces (Lebrecht 194), Op. 23 No. 1 and Stravinsky’s Histoire du soldat (Lebrecht 169).

How Much Weekly Exercise Is Needed To Achieve Lasting Health Benefits Research Paper

How Much Weekly Exercise Is Needed To Achieve Lasting Health Benefits - Research Paper Example It was found that 10 minutes of exercise per day, two to three times a week may contribute significant impact on physical and mental health. A study was conducted in order to find out if the impact of perceived notion about the benefits of exercise. It was found that a 10-min bout of exercise has substantial impact on mood (Anderson & Brice, 2010). This was found out by having exercise group in the study who jogged for about 10 minutes and then their moods were assessed prior and after of the session. Another study was able to identify which mode and intensity of exercise program is effective (Delecluse, et al., 2004). The study was able to employ older men, 55-75 years old and were assigned to control groups and had undergone exercise two to three times per week within twenty weeks. The result was staggering considering that there were remarkable results in heart rate, work capacity and recovery, waist girth, insulin response, knee exterior strength, body composition, resting metabolic rate and postural control. Based on conducted scientific studies regarding exercise in different field of expertise, the study of Tanji (2000) was able to explore the benefits of exercise for women in the hope that it can relatively contribute to change of one’s lifestyle. It was suggested that an exercise of 30 to 40 minutes per day or everyday per week should be allocated for moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The above results prove that a good quality and regular physical exercise has significant impact on the human body. ... The above results prove that a good quality and regular physical exercise has significant impact on the human body by cultivating sound and healthy mind resulting to good body condition. The other impacts of exercise However, it is not only on maintaining the healthy physical condition of the body exercise has a significant contribution. It also shows significant benefits to healing and prevention of human illnesses and other related health problems. Using an evidence-based approach, Diehl & Choi (2008) found that the lack of regular physical exercise, which in the case of the United States around 50% of the total population was found not to have it, results to significant health problems such as on mental health, disease prevention and productivity. A scientific investigation using randomized trial approach was conducted in New Zealand to find out if exercise has relevant impact on smoking-cessation outcome (Maddison et al., 2010). Home and community-based exercise were found to hav e significant contribution to smoking cessation. In this study, exercise is particularly determined to contribute to a healthy lifestyle. There was a study conducted employing postpartum-depressed women as respondents (Dritsa et al., 2009). The study was in line with finding the effect of home-based exercise on the reductions in their physical and mental fatigue. This study was part of finding significant mediators for changes in physical fatigue. The result suggests that exercise is a significant activity to reduce physical fatigue especially among postpartum depressed women. Another study was able to determine other significant impact of exercise on the human physical health (Perez, 2008). The study was able to employ significant information from various studies showing

Marketing Mix Of Nestle Organization

Marketing Mix Of Nestle Organization (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001) â€Å"The Marketing mix is a set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market†. This is mainly used by organizations to increase the demand of their products in the market by understanding the customer wants (Jobber, 2001). Most of the marketing practitioners regard marketing mix as a tool for transaction marketing and the archetype for operational marketing planning. (Gronroos, 1994:347) Elements of Marketing Mix (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001). MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX Customer Wants Marketing Mix Variables Managing the Marketing Mix (Baker, 1999:302) The above figure describes how a company could by research and successful adaptation can understand and develop products to match the customers requirements. According to Baker (1999: 303), by understanding and matching the needs of the customers efficient management of marketing mix is possible. COMPONENTS OF MARKETING MIX-Impact -Positive and Negative PRODUCT Kotler and Armstrong (2001) define a product as any entity that can be offered to a market by a company for attention, acquisition, consumption or use that might satisfy the needs of their customers. Product Mix Product mix is the total range of products that are manufactured by a company. The major aspects to be considered in product mix are explained below. Variety: Nestle offers a wide product mix that comprises of food, health and nutrition products to meet the customer needs. Nestle offers its products in the following categories: Bottled water, Baby foods, Breakfast cereals, Chocolate and confectionery, Coffee, Dairy products, Drinks, Ice cream, In the Kitchen, Nestle Professional, Nutrition and Health, Pet care. Quality: Nestle is well known for the quality and taste of its products. Nestle Believes that â€Å"Success is built on Quality†. Design: As its variety range, Nestle also has a greater range of design. Nestle make sure all their new products look different and attractive. Features: Nestle have made sure that all their products have special features to make it more attractive to the customers. For example: In case of their ice creams, they have tried to include the special feature that is the low fat and sugar content. Brand name: A strong brand name is important for both the company and the consumers as it adds to the value of the company, differentiates the products from those of its competitors and affects the consumer discernment of the company (Jobber 2007:328). A strong brand name also acts as a source of quality certification and can influence consumer preferences of products. Nestle, through its strong brand name and market presence has captured the heart of the customers worldwide. In the present health- conscious society, Nestle has captivated a loyal customer base through its focus on nutrition and health requirements and consumer preferences at a competitive price and it has enhanced the reputation of the company. â€Å"A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality† Packaging: Packaging involves designing and developing a cover for a product in order to make it attractive to the consumers. Packaging was just a means for protecting the product in the past, but today increase in competition has resulted in the need to differentiate the product from those of its competitors to attract the customers and to describe the features of the product in order to gain consumer recognition. Poor designs can be one of the reasons for reduction in sales of a product due to less customer satisfaction. Nestle uses very attractive packaging as one of their main marketing strategies. For its efforts, Nestle has won several accolades such as the Silver Star and â€Å"Best in category† as â€Å"Best Packaging Innovation leading to a significant reduction in household waste† by the British Institute of Packaging for the Dairy Box biodegradable tray which is manufactured by using renewable resources. PROMOTION Stanton and Futrell (1987:418), describe promotion as an important element of marketing mix which aims in informing and persuading the market about the products and services of the company. According to Baker (1999, 310) the method of communicating the product offer which is made by a company to match the needs of the customers and to persuade them to try the product is Promotion. They feel that the significance of promotion increases when the distance between the producers and customers increase and as the number of customers increase. Promotion activity does not depend on the demand; even if the demand is high promotional activities should go on in order to keep the manufacturers name before the customers. Nestle uses promotion as one of the major source to reach their customers to make them aware of the value of different products introduced in the market. Nestle adopts a promotion mix with a perfect blend of several different promotion tools to promote the value of its product and make the customers aware of their products. Promotion Tools PERSONAL SELLING: According to Stanton and Futrell (1987: 418), personal selling is mainly used when the market is geographically concentrated (Few customers) and when the products are custom made. It is defined as a face to face communication with buyers in the aim of pursuing the customers to purchase by Simon(). Its a one to one marketing. Tele marketing, door drops inserts, Door to door selling are all techniques used in personal selling. Nestle uses personal selling for specialized and sophisticated products. ADVERTISING: Advertising according to Groucutt (2005:215) is to communicate to a specific audience to stimulate action and its success is in the way the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Majaro (1993) says that advertising is any paid form non-personal communication of products, services or ideas through a commercial media. (Stanton and Futrell, 1987) Promotion through advertising is mainly done when the market is geographically dispersed or when the product is standardized. Nestlà ©s advertisements are well known in the market and they have made sure that the advertisements are attractive through all the possible media. Nestle also uses internet to promote their products, where they have different websites hosted for different products. Different strategies for each product like online competitions and distributions. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS Tim Ambler and Demetrios Vakratsas have formulated a framework for studying how advertising works for a company. How Advertising Works (Ambler, Vakratsas 1999:26) They have considered the input to be advertising own and competitive brands. Scheduling the media and message contents are the motivation factors or triggers the consumers response. â€Å"Cognition, the ‘thinking dimension of a persons response, and affect, the ‘feeling dimension, are portrayed as two major intermediate advertising effects† (Ambler, Vakratsas, 1999:26) SALES PROMOTION: Sales promotion represents non- media campaigns such as sampling displays, shows, exhibitions and contests (Majaro, 1993:35). Stanton and Futrell (1987:418) believes that sales promotions one of the fastest growing promotional methods these days. Free samples, Money off coupons, extra value offers buy one get one free, bundling, privilege points are all different methods used in sales promotion. Nestle also uses sales promotion as one of their promotion tools by offering programmes like every day eating coupon codes and discounts and offers for online shopping on nestle products. PUBLICITY: Publicity is a promotional method where the organization is not paying for the communication about its products and is benefiting from it (Stanton and Futrell 1987:419). This occurs either through a non-personal news story appearing in a mass medium or is delivered by a person in an interview or a speech. Publicity is achieved mainly through public relations activities. According to Jobber (2007) sponsorship provides more opportunities for publicity in the media. Nestle is a well known brand in the market and its fame describes its publicity and the further publicity occurs during various interviews of officials of Nestle. Publicity for Nestle also occurs during the launch of every new product and when the annual sale reports are published. This publicity obtained by Nestle is not by paying any of the media. Nestle, public relation activities is evident from how they try to communicate with government organizations as well as the customers about the different issues that they face. Through public relations Nestle try to bring to the attention of all the customers and organizations concerned about various issues and the current approach they are taking towards these issues. PRICE Price is defined as the value of a product that we get in return for all the effort that was taken for its production and also for marketing of the same product. Price is the revenue earner so it is considered as the odd one in the marketing mix. It is also considered as an important market tool which is visible to both customers and competitors (Baker 1985). The price of a product depends on a number of factors like, changes in technology, effect of suppliers, competitive pressure and the increasing price sensitivity of the customers. Price is also directly dependent on the demand of the product. If the demands increase the price will also increase and vice versa. Consumers generally show a keen interest in tracking the prices of the products which they usually purchase. This enables them to analyze the attractiveness of the product and be vigilant about the changes in price of the product, thus enabling them to compare the prices of the product in various stores (Vanhuele and Dreze 2002:72). Pricing of the Product â€Å"Companies usually do not set a single price, but rather develop a pricing structure that reflects variations in geographical demand and costs, market-segment requirements, purchasing timing, order levels, delivery frequency, guarantees, service contract, and other factors† (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen: 2009). According to David Jobber, pricing of a product mainly depends on 3 factors: cost, competitor and the market. COST ORIENTED PRICING The most common method of pricing of a product is cost oriented pricing, in which it is divided into full cost pricing which involves the calculating of cost of all labour and materials and direct cost pricing which involves the calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING The approach to pricing which only depends on the competitor rather than costs when framing a business is called competitor oriented pricing. Every consumer will judge the price of a product by comparing it with a similar product in the same range which is produced by their competitor (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). MARKET ORIENTED PRICING Market oriented pricing is one of the important area which depends on competiveness of a product in the market. For a new product the positioning strategy controls the pricing and for an existing product price will depend on the strategic objectives. Price-Quality Relationships Price is directly dependent on the quality of the product. As the quality of a product increases the price also goes up. Nestle is a quality focused company and hence to compete with current market it need to carry out the pricing process of the product very carefully. Nestle is a very successful company and all its products are at affordable prices. PRODUCT LINE PRICING Most of the companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. In product line pricing the management must decide on the pricing steps to set between various products in a line (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). In product line pricing, cost difference between the product in the line, evaluation of customers and also the competitors products with small price difference is also taken into account. EXPLICABILITY Explicability is defined as the capability of sales people to explain a high price to customer. In market customer demands the economic justification of product prices. If the sales people fail to give a clear idea of the product development stages, it will reduce the value of product. As Nestle is very innovative it needs a high financial support for its RD and it is not easy to give idea about the product development costs to an ordinary customer. COMPETITION Competition plays an important role in the cost consideration of a product in a business. The main competitors of Nestle are Heinz, Kraft, ConAgra, Mars Incorporated, Hershey, Cadbury, General mills etc. Since all their main competitors are also well branded, they cannot price a product without analyzing the competitors pricing. But the main advantages behind their successful pricing are that they are very superior in its market position. NEGOTIATING MARGINS In certain market customer expects a price reduction in some products. Competitive discounts, fast payment discounts an annual volume bonus and other promotional allowances come under this category. Nestle and its negotiations with its suppliers made them to gain a good reasonable margin in all its goods. EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTORS/RETAILERS Well qualified suppliers and efficient retailers is also a factor which affects the price of a product. If a distributor supplies a product with high price or a retailer sells a product in high margin it will cause the variations in price of the products. Nestle itself agreed that their distributors are well developed and hence the company can control the price of its products. POLITICAL FACTORS Nestle sometimes blames the policies of governments for its poor reflection on the exports. Some of the government policies which results in increase in packaging cost makes the product less competitive in the global exporting market. PLACE Armstrong and Kotler (2001) describes place as the activity of a company to make the products available to the customers. Place Strategies The major factors to be considered while formulating a place strategy are Channels, Coverage, Assortments, Locations, Inventory, Transportation, and Logistics. Channel distribution strategies deal with the decisions on making the products available to the target customers in usable condition. â€Å"A channel of distribution is the combination of institutions through which a seller markets the products to the user or ultimate consumer† (Peter, Donnelly 2004:145). As the time and finances required for setting up a channel of distribution are comparatively high, the place strategies are often critical for the success of a firm. The channels of distribution can be of two different types on the basis of the targeted consumer. It may differ when the end user of the product is a consumer or an organization, the Consumer Marketing Channel and the Business Marketing Channel. Consumer Marketing Channel: Armstrong and Kotler (2001) Nestle adopts the consumer marketing channel where the products from the producer reaches the consumer through the wholesalers or retailers. Nestle has e-marketing for some of its products where the products reach the consumers directly from the producer. Business Marketing Channel (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001) According to Donnelly (2004:150),the channel of distribution strategic decisions are determined on the basis of the following factors: Distribution coverage required Degree of control desired Total distribution cost Channel flexibility Distribution coverage may vary based on the features of the product, the market and the target customers. The company may opt for intensive distribution, selective distribution or exclusive distribution. In the case of intensive distribution, the company tries to sell the product through the maximum number of retailers and wholesalers. In selective distribution, the company may limit the number of wholesalers and retailers which are the best in that market while in the case of exclusive distribution; the manufacturing company may provide exclusive rights for distributing the product to only one or a few distributors. Nestle has adopted intensive distribution strategy in order to make its products available to a large customer base. Nestle products are available through a large number of retail outlets. Besides this, Nestle has also launched an e-shop for promoting its confectionary in Japan which allows the consumers to buy Kit Kat chocolates online. CONCLUSION The coverage of Nestle is world-wide as it has a wide distribution channel and several manufacturing units at different places around the world using marketing mix strategies. â€Å"Marketing logistics involves the planning, implementing and controlling of physical flow of goods, services and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit† (Armstrong and Kotler 2001:342). Nestle underwent a complete re-engineering of its supply chain which was aided by Total Logistics which has benefitted both Nestle and its consumers. â€Å"Nestle has been able to operate composite pallet loads for entire UK, combining beverages and confectionery through two vehicle fleets and two distribution hubs† (http://www.total-logistics.eu.com/logistics-clients/logistics-consultants-case-studies/nestle.html). Through this, Nestle has been able to decrease its fleet size and satisfy smaller delivery volumes without any increase in the costs.

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse: What Factors are Present?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years, many researchers have dedicated their time and energy to study adolescent alcohol abuse. They have found that there are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors are psychological, environmental, social, and cultural. Not all of these factors play a part in every adolescent who abuses alcohol, but one of these factors is usually present. Psychological disorders have been found in both American, and Taiwan adolescents who abuse alcohol. The health risks of adolescent alcohol abuse are great. Alcohol affects the physiology of a young person. It disrupts the genetics and hormonal balances that are critical in the early development of youngsters. Treatment of alcohol abuse is a great state of change and development. Many therapists, doctors and counselors are trying to incorporate new treatment ideas and methods into the traditional techniques that have been used for years now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to research the factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse because if these factors are detected early, and an adolescent is put into a prevention program the likelihood that they will abuse alcohol will greatly decrease. Psychological Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the research, there have been many psychological problems found in adolescents who abuse alcohol. The majority of the research has been done in order to solve the question of whether or not these psychological factors are present before an adolescent abuses alcohol, or after the alcohol abuse has occurred. In the research done by Rhode, Lewinsohn, and Seeley (1996), they used a community sample of 1,507 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The adolescents were classified into the categories of abstainers, experimenters, social drinkers, problem drinkers, and abuse and/or dependent groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this study, 373 subjects met the criteria for depression, 15 were bipolar, 93 suffered from manic core symptoms, and 124 had an anxiety disorder (Rhode et al., 1996). Furthermore, anxiety disorder and depression were psychological disorders that were more prevalent in female adolescents with alcohol abuse than their male counterparts. Males who abused alcohol tended to suffer from antiso... ...bsp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  abuse and dependence. Journal of the American Academy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (12), 1744-1751. Clark, D., & Bukstein, O. (1998). Psychopathology in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research World 22 (2), 117-121. Epstein, J., Botvin, G., & Diaz, T. (1999). Impact of social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among inner-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  city hispanic and black adolescents. Journal of Studies on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol 60 (5), 595-604. Rhode, P., Lewinsohn, P., & Seeley, J.R. (1996). Psychiatric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comoribidity with problematic alcohol use in high school   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  students. Journal of the American Academy of Child &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1), 101-109. Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Juvenile Delinquency

How to Analyze an Advertisement Essay

There’s more to advertising’s message than meets the casual eye. An effective ad, like other forms of communication, works best when it strikes a chord in the needs and desires of the receiving consumer — a connection that can be both intuitive and highly calculated. The following questions can help foster your awareness of this process. You may be surprised by the messages and meanings you uncover. 1. What is the general ambience of the advertisement? What mood does it create? 2. Study the advertisement’s form. Attempt a simple description of what elements it consists of in terms of elements and formal arrangement. 3. What about technical decisions? If the advertisement is a photograph, what kind of a shot is it? What significance do you think long shots, medium shots, close-up shots have? What about the lighting, use of colour, angle of the shot? 4. What typefaces are used and what impressions do they convey? 5. What techniques are used by the copywriter: humour, alliteration, definitions† of life, comparisons, sexual innuendo, and so on? 6. What is the relationship between pictorial elements and written material and what does this tell us? 7. Does the ad essentially provide information or does it try to generate some kind of emotional response? Or both? 8. What action is taking place in the advertisement and what significance does it have? (This might be described as the ad’s â€Å"plot.†) 9. What signs and symbolic codes do we find? Symbolic codes can involve figures e.g. facial expressions, clothing codes etc. What can be said about their facial expressions, poses, hairstyle, age, sex, hair colour, ethnicity, education, occupation, relationships (of one figure to the other)? What role do these symbolic codes play in the ad’s impact? 10. What sociological, political, economic or cultural attitudes are indirectly reflected in the advertisement i.e. does the ad work ideologically?( An advertisement may be about a pair of blue jeans but it might, indirectly, reflect such matters as sexism, alienation, stereotyped thinking, conformism, generational conflict, loneliness, elitism, and so on). 11. How important is the spectator/reader’s own context going to be on his/her understanding of the ad? Who is the presumed reader or public for this ad? Excerpted/adapted from Arthur A. Berger Signs in Contemporary Culture: An Introduction to Semiotics, Longman, White Plains, NY [online]. Available from http://www.medialit.org/reading_room/article227.html [accessed 24/04/08] DECODING ADVERTISING IMAGES Ads/images have different levels of meaning: Denotation: what can be seen – the literal, commonsense or ‘natural’ meaning of the ad (first order meaning). Denotation is commonly implied by the use of photography. Connotation: the ‘hidden’ meaning (second order meaning); a range of possible meanings which may depend upon the reader’s knowledge, social background and other factors which influence personal judgement or interpretation. Meaning in an advertising image can be seen as: Syntagmic – the linking process between represented object (signifier) and significance (meaning) is unconscious; Referential – it is understood in terms of structural relationships to other signs. Meaning is made up of a system of differences and oppositions; Ideological – occurring within a wider framework of ideas or way of thinking about social relations; Conventional – socially mediated i.e. is according to accepted ‘rules’ and ‘codes’; Preferred (or dominant meaning) is the meaning that the advertiser (presumably) hopes the image will convey. Stuart Hall, though, notes two other modes of reading ads: negotiated readings and oppositional readings (which subvert the presumed intentional or seeming overt meaning of the advertising image). Connotation There are a number of issues which can be considered when analysing an specific image, factors which can help one to identify the intended connotation of the signs contained within the image, and of the advertisement as a whole. Technical Codes (including): Camera angle – is the implied angle of vision up/down, at an angle, straight on? Camera distance – how far is the implied camera from the subject? Focus – is the image in sharp detail or soft focus? Lighting – what is highlighted or left in the shadows? Information Value: the placement of elements within the whole image is indicative of a relative symbolic meaning. horizontal reading – Left = given, familiar right = new, not yet known vertical reading – upper = promise, emotive lower = Portfolio, actual, information Composition: Salience – the elements of an image attract attention to differing degree according to their position in the whole composition (foreground, background etc.) Framing – the presence or absence of framing devices signifies the connection or separation between the different objects/figures Cropping – is the cropping from a wider image implied? Juxtaposition – have two images been juxtaposed to create a particular effect? Captions: Remember to consider the text in an ad. If an image has no caption it can be considered an ‘open text’ and therefore open to interpretation. Captions generally function as modifiers to ‘anchor’ the primary significance of the image, and to reduce possible ambiguities of meaning in the image. Symbolic Codes: A symbol is a picture/object which stands for something else, where the meaning is widely understood e.g. a dove symbolises peace or the Holy Spirit in western society. Symbols do not necessarily have only one connotation and have to be selected with care by advertisers – it is the image as a whole, the relationship between signs (symbols), which will determine which connotation is intended (a meaning which might be ‘fixed’ by modifiers such as text captions). Body language/non-verbal codes: what is the significance of the figures’ poses or physical posture? what facial expression do the figures have? do the body types (well built, thin, fleshly etc.) connote wider meanings e.g. .stereotypes? Clothing codes: does the clothing connote specific occupations or nationalities? what connotations about class and status does the clothing have? Colour (symbolic value): Does the colour/colour range used suggest a mood e.g. sorrow, gaiety etc.? Does the colour use suggest an abstract meaning e.g. romance, purity etc.? The kinds of colours used – the use of bright, dissonant colours might indicate modernity for instance or a sepia range might signify tradition. Issues which might be activated by use of symbolic code include: Branding – the use of symbolic signs to connote a distinct brand ‘identity’ for a product which in physical composition cannot be differentiated from other examples of the same product e.g. perfume or cigarettes. Celebrity – a meaning structure is created by selling commodities in terms of social (celebrity) identity. The product being sold is ‘given’ the character attributes more usually associated with the celebrity e.g. physical strength, elegance etc.. The consumer buys the product to ‘buy into’ the celebrity’s image (see promise of pleasure principle’). ‘Promise of pleasure’ principle – setting up links between consumption of the product and personal fulfillment or attainment of desired state of being. The consumer is not buying the product itself, but the emotional promise. Commodification – advertising translates statements about objects into statements about human relationships or types of consumer. This implies a denial of individual identity by the translating human beings into objects; Objectification – the use of the part (of the human body) to stand for the whole denies human agency or the wholeness of the individual. This is more often associated with the use of female models. ‘Fragmentation’ of the female body connotes the commodification of female identity; the ‘gaze’ (scopophilia) – where the presumed spectator is gendered male, the notion of the ‘gaze’ connotes unequal power relations between the sexes (inequalities which are presumed to mirror those in wider society); Gender stereotyping- this can relate to ideological expectations as to gender roles and the use of gender stereotypes or sexualisation as a marketing tool; Racial or ethnic stereotyping – this can relate to the exploitation of social ‘difference’ e.g. the ‘other’ (in which one culture is seen as ‘opposed’ to mainstream western characteristics) in a way which reinforces the social stereotype or attracts by the presumption of exoticism; Ideology – objects are used as signifiers within the context of wider signifying systems or ideological contexts e.g. ‘western democracy’/consumerism, and can only be properly understood via a knowledge of this ideological framework. The spectator constructs meaning according to the codes at his/her disposal i.e. meaning is socially mediated and not individualistic; Social identity – the spectator constructs meaning according to the codes as his/her disposal ie the meaning constructed is socially mediated and not purely personal or individual. Context and Audience: Where is the image to be found? You need to consider whether it is/was intended for a magazine, a poster, a street hoarding etc. What is/was the intended public for the image? What impact might identified issues have had upon the design of the image under analysis? When considering a news photograph a number of other questions might be asked – such as the news value of the image itself and the relationship between the image itself and the surrounding text.

Free Essays on Hrry Potter And The Order Of The Phoenix

Book review J. K. Rowling â€Å"Harry Potter and the order of the phoenix† â€Å"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix† is the 5th novel in the series of magnificent novels about young wizard Harry Potter. It is written by world famous writer J. K. Rowling. She is one of the best selling authors in the world; all five novels about Harry Potter are bestsellers in almost all countries. Before the first novel â€Å"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone† was published J. K. Rowling was very poor and unknown writer. But now her novels are loved by children and adults in whole world. The previous novels tell about young wizard Harry Potter, who discovers new powers and understands that he is different form his aunt Petunia, uncle Vernon and cousin Dudley, the people who raised him after his parents died. They hate him ever since they found him fast asleep on their doorstep when he was a baby. Harry goes to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and discovers that he is very famous – he has defeated the Dark Lord Voldemort. He was very young when he did it and he has a scar on his forehead which often hurts and he doesn’t know why. Harry studies in Hogwarts and he is a very good Quidditch player. Harry has two close friends – Ron and Hermione. In his third year in Hogwarts he meets his father’s best friend, who is falsely accused in murdering Harry’s father. Since the day Harry got to know the truth, he has very close relationship with Sirius. â€Å"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix† tells about his 5th year in Hogwarts. This book is very exciting, because Lord Voldemort is back and Harry has to fight him once again. The Order of the Phoenix is a group of very powerful witches and wizards, led by professor Dumbledore, the principle|headmaster of Hogwarts, who are ready to fight the Dark Lord and his followers the Death Eaters. They help Harry to protect himself from the power of Lord Voldemort. This year Harry... Free Essays on Hrry Potter And The Order Of The Phoenix Free Essays on Hrry Potter And The Order Of The Phoenix Book review J. K. Rowling â€Å"Harry Potter and the order of the phoenix† â€Å"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix† is the 5th novel in the series of magnificent novels about young wizard Harry Potter. It is written by world famous writer J. K. Rowling. She is one of the best selling authors in the world; all five novels about Harry Potter are bestsellers in almost all countries. Before the first novel â€Å"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone† was published J. K. Rowling was very poor and unknown writer. But now her novels are loved by children and adults in whole world. The previous novels tell about young wizard Harry Potter, who discovers new powers and understands that he is different form his aunt Petunia, uncle Vernon and cousin Dudley, the people who raised him after his parents died. They hate him ever since they found him fast asleep on their doorstep when he was a baby. Harry goes to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and discovers that he is very famous – he has defeated the Dark Lord Voldemort. He was very young when he did it and he has a scar on his forehead which often hurts and he doesn’t know why. Harry studies in Hogwarts and he is a very good Quidditch player. Harry has two close friends – Ron and Hermione. In his third year in Hogwarts he meets his father’s best friend, who is falsely accused in murdering Harry’s father. Since the day Harry got to know the truth, he has very close relationship with Sirius. â€Å"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix† tells about his 5th year in Hogwarts. This book is very exciting, because Lord Voldemort is back and Harry has to fight him once again. The Order of the Phoenix is a group of very powerful witches and wizards, led by professor Dumbledore, the principle|headmaster of Hogwarts, who are ready to fight the Dark Lord and his followers the Death Eaters. They help Harry to protect himself from the power of Lord Voldemort. This year Harry...

The Life of William Golding †English Essay

The Life of William Golding – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Life of William Golding English Essay Golding enrolled in World War II, as a part of the Royal Navy, in 1940, just after marrying Ann Brookfield. He started as just a sailor, but later decided to become an officer. While taking his exam to become one, he was asked a question about landmines and responded elaborately and in such detail that he was almost instantly promoted and sent to a secret research center. He liked this study and analysis until an accident when he â€Å"blew himself up.† Resigning from this work, he was sent instead to Scotland and a mine-sweeper school and then transferred again to New York and waited while a mine-sweeper was built for six months. When he finally returned, the mine-sweepers were no longer needed so he was put in charge of a rocket-launching craft in time for the 1944 invasion. Once during the invasion, he was ordered to travel through a narrow channel which could have easily resulted in destruction and many deaths to his crew. His orders were changed, however, before he could embark on this dangerous task and the members of his crew criticized him for his obvious disappointment at missing this opportunity. His crew, obviously, was not disappointed for not having to risk their lives in th e war. (Gindin) The effects of the war on Golding were serious, crucial, and had an impact on the rest of his life. He recognized the fact that â€Å"in the past he had been naà ¯ve and adolescent, that the war had demonstrated all the horrendous cruelties of which man was capable.† (Gindin, 4). It was several years after World War II that Golding’s views were finally revealed to the public. His novel, Lord of the Flies, was rejected by 21 publishers before becoming available for the people. The Coral Island, written by R.M. Ballantyne, served as one of Golding’s main sources when writing his book Lord of the Flies. The two novels essential views openly contradict each other. Golding takes a pessimistic standpoint on society, where as Ballantyne’s perspective is much more optimistic, action-packed, and upbeat. The Coral Island is a story of three boys shipwrecked on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Ralph Rover the narrator, Jack, and Peterkin create a peaceful, serene society despite the violent environment around them. Battling typhoons, wild pigs, and unfriendly visitors, the boys still manage to create an enjoyable surrounding from the few supplies they are left with, and create fire by rubbing two sticks together. The boys build a boat together and sail to nearby islands, and though they get in several disagreements and fights with the neighboring tribes they eventually return to civilization wiser and more mature. (http://selfknowledge.com/coril1 0.htm) The bright and cheerful mood of The Coral Island is not replicated in Golding’s novel. Golding, after being deeply affected by his war experiences, disagreed with the overall idea of Ballantyne’s book. Golding believed that man was inherently evil, and this is portrayed in Lord of the Flies. Despite the contradicting theses, however, there are several obvious parallels from Ballantyne’s novel to Golding’s. The character names, for example, could not have been a coincidence. The main characters in Lord of the Flies are named Ralph, Jack, Simon, and Piggy, similar to the protagonists in The Coral Island. The setting of both novels is a remote island, and the appearance of an officer during the falling action of the plot occurs in both Golding’s and Ballantyne’s books. Golding includes these parallels to emphasize his disagreement. Man is evil by nature, and would not prosper if removed from a civilized society but rather would digress t o a primitive state. Research Papers on The Life of William Golding - English EssayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - Term Paper Example With time, the original group split into other factions though all had a common goal: create a separate Tamil state. However, the constitution published in 1972 created a fertile ground for attacks as the Tamil factions saw it as being largely anti-Tamil. This spurred the Tamils into action, and thus joined in the fight. In 1983, countrywide clashes with the Sinhalese that left thousands of Tamils dead saw the rise of the LTTE and the fight against the Sri Lankan government began (Swamy and Narayan 8; McConnell 61).Structure. As noted hereinabove, the LTTE had quite an elaborate command structure with almost all parts of a full government. They had a well organized leadership that was structured along two tiers: the military and the political wings. There was a governing committee whose role was to oversee the running of both wings that was headed by Prabhakaran. This is the body mandated with controlling and directing several of the group’s subdivisions such as the airborne g roup, the navy and the elite fighting wing. They also had a suicide commando unit and an intelligence unit aimed at gathering intelligence (Swamy and Narayan 12). They even had an international secretariat within the governing committee that was in charge of all global networks and communications. There was a truce in 2006 from the government after an onslaught carried out by government military, and this gave them a leeway to increase their strength by recruiting more than 11,000 guerrillas to increase the cadre.

How do we identify trends in physical properties Ionic Compounds Lab Report

How do we identify trends in physical properties Ionic Compounds - Lab Report Example Ideally, the alkali metal or metals will donate an electron that will be added to the electron cloud of the halogen atom. At the molecular level, brittle crystals will form because the placement of ionic charges requires a precise positive/negative juxtapositioning. Physical deformation risks associating a positive with a positive and negative with a negative, generating repellant charges that cancel the bonding tendency, thus, the salt crystal shatters, whereas covalent bonds involving a more cooperative distribution of electrons are much more likely to withstand the same level of deformation. On the other hand, the structure of an ionic lattice tends towards a far higher melting and boiling point than for covalent forms. The heightened charges allow for electrical conductive when melted, but those same charges also allow for solubility in water or other polar liquids, but not in nonpolar liquids such as most lipid-based oils. SOLUBILITY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER BASED ON CHARGES PRESENT Ionic compounds, typically salts dissolve easily in aqueous solution. Solubility is the result of an attraction between negative, and positive charges among the ions present. In simple sodium chloride the salt's positive ions (Na+) attract the partially-negative oxygens found in water. In addition, the salt's negative ions (Cl?) attract the partially-positive hydrogens in H2O. The Solubility constant (Ksp) and the common ion effect determine how much salt can potentially be dissolved within that solution. It is simply a matter of whether the ions in the water itself have a greater affinity for the ions in the compound than those ions do for each other. In general, the following rules provide a basis for predicting solubility: Ionic compounds with group 1A metal cations. Nitrates are soluble regardless of the cation. In terms of how soluble a given compound is, based on the available data, it is reasonable to assume that size; more to the point, atomic radii is a decisive fac tor. Moving down an elemental series on the periodic table, the larger atomic numbers appear to be less soluble in water. This is due to the larger sizes of atoms involved, in which the available charge that might be available to the ions in water is more â€Å"insulated† by the larger distances involved. Thus, with less charge within reach of either ion present in a molecule of water, the largest ions are less soluble. (Clark, 2002). Otherwise, the available data with the nine ions indicates an increase in conductivity as concentration throughout the solution increases. In terms of experimental design, graphs can be computed displaying the curve of each ion made as it increases in concentration and the accompanying increase in conductance. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY BASED ON QUANTITY OF DISSOLVED IONS IN SOLUTIONS With an increase in the number of charged ions in an aqueous solution, electrical conductivity will certainly increase. When ionic compounds break down, they will dis solve into both negatively and positively charged ions, which are of course attracted to the oppositely charged electric particle or current. Covalent compounds will dissociate into neutral ions which will not conduct electricity and should therefore have no consequence for aqueous electrical conductivity. Therefore, there is an inevitable correlation between electrical conductance and the actual quantity of ions present in the water. In terms of